The Effects Of Freezing Stress On The Lipid Membrane Of...

The Effects of Freezing Stress on Lipid Membranes of Select Turfgrasses James R. Underwood Oklahoma State University Author Note James R. Underwood, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University Correspondence concerning this review should be addressed to James Underwood, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074. Contact: james.r.underwood@okstate.edu Abstract The Effects of Freezing Stress on Lipid Membranes of Select Turfgrasses Introduction The intention of this literature review is to assess the current knowledge regarding freezing tolerance on American buffalograss, bermudagrass, perennial ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass. While papers do not directly address the lipid membranes specifically they look at factors that are known to strengthen lipid membranes and increase their tolerance to freezing stress. Before moving into the literature review section a quick review of freezing damage to lipid membranes to provide the connection of freezing stress to that of lipid membrane damage as mentioned in the papers. Freezing Damage to Lipid Membranes Freezing stress can cause multiple stress and damages to the cell, but what has been best shown Literature Review American Buffalograss A study over two years into American buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides) by S. Ball, et al. in 2002 established a correlation between endogenous soluble

Exploring the Different Theories Involved in the Mind and...

Exploring the Different Theories Involved in the Mind and Body Problem I will attempt to do this by firstly defining what the mind and body is secondly discussing what the mind and body problem is. Thirdly discussing the existing approaches to the problem and finally discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. The body is that which we perceive ourselves to be with our senses. It usually includes arms, legs a head and so on. The mind is that which is responsible for one’s thoughts and feelings, the seat of the faculty of reason. What is the mind and body problem? We have a conception of at least 2 different kinds of things that exist in the world mental and physical here†¦show more content†¦The mind-body problem arises out of this view, because if mind-body have nothing in common, then in what way can they be said to interact. One way is Dualism In philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of beliefs which begins with the claim that the mental and the physical have a fundamentally different nature. Dualism has been the driving force behind the mind-body problem and has been by far the majority view until recently partially due to the influence of Descartes he claimed that the pineal gland was the interface between the mind and the rest of the brain. Whether Dualism is correct one way to explain how the mental interacts with the material is dualistic interactionism which is also Cartesian dualism, arguably the most popular and widespread version, mind events can cause physical events and vice versa. This leads to the most substantial claim against Cartesian dualism- the Cartesian gap. How can an immaterial mind cause anything in a material body and vice versa. This is called the â€Å"problem of interactionism† Descartes himself struggled to come up with a feasible explanation for the problem. One supporter of Dualism is David Chalmers He says â€Å"Human kind has grown up with dualism, we are all naturally dualists: the mechanistic basis of our thoughts is invisibleShow MoreRelatedMeditation Treatment Modality Provided By University Of Minnesota Center For Spirituality And Healing1357 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided by University of Minnesota Center for Spirituality and Healing. (2014) and its benefits and opportunities for the older population and persons with chronic diseases (Chan Larson, 2015). Moreover, I will analyze it in terms of Barrett’s Theory of Power (Barrett, 2010) and CAREE Process (O’Brien Lewis, 2016). In addition, throughout the paper, I will describe my thoughts and feelings regarding meditation and meditative practices for caring-healing holistic nursing. Analysis What is the purposeRead MoreSocial Cultural Theory: Vygotsky Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesVygotsky’s socio-cultural theory within the classroom to enhance student’s learning and development. 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Strength and Weakness of the Three Types of Business Research

Question: Discuss About Strength And Weakness Of The Three Types Of Business Research? Answer: Introduction Most of the work of research can be divided into three kinds of categories which are descriptive, exploratory and casual. Each type of research serves a different motive and has a specific way of usage. In the online survey, mastery on every three can further adds proper and sounder insights in addition with great quality based data. The report will be taking a look into different forms of research method can be included in the overall strategies of the company for development and constant improvement as well as calculating the level of success in the company. The report will discuss in detail about the overview of three kind of business research with the help of academic journals. Literature scope and objectives There are number of reasons about why research is conducted in an organization. However, it is important to understand the motive of the research and why it generally bothers different kind of styles, tools, and measurements. The basic nature of the human being is to research or explore different fact about the world that exists in their surroundings. Human being wanted to learn everything about the earth and there is requirement to discuss and also be clear about the world even in small children (Cooper et al., 2003). The entire science and its development are based on understanding human being. Since a good human being simply cant explain the motive of human beings action and to discuss how and also why a human being must think, acts and feel accordingly. Exploratory The term exploratory research is a crucial part of kind of business strategy and the main aim is on the development and discovery of different kind of ideas and some information as opposed to collect some important and right data. Therefore, this explains the importance of exploratory research and why it is suited best right in the start of the research plan. It usually utilized for defining various issues of the company along with many potential areas for growth and development with an optional course of actions with giving priority to different areas that needs some kind of statistical research (Cooper et al., 2003). When it is about conducting the survey online, the most common instances of exploratory research is to talks about the form of many open ended queries. It is important to analyze different responses that can calculate in statistic manner but they will provide a wider and richer quality of data that can address many new kinds of initiatives or issues that become important to address (Cooper et al., 2003). Descriptive Descriptive research is a concept that takes up the large part of online survey and the research is more based on conclusion by basic nature because of its current quantitative nature. Despite exploratory research, this kind of research is planned in advance and this is why it is structured in way that designs or the data collected can be inferred in statistics form on the population (Collis and Hussey, 2013). The main concept is based on utilizing this specific type of research is to properly define and discuss the opinion, behavior or the basic attitude which is based on a group of people on the provided subject. It is crucial to base the research on routine question of multiple choices. There are some discussed in advance categories from where a respondent can choose easily from. It is than considered as a descriptive research. However, such questions will not be able to provide a distinct insight on the problems like in a way, exploratory research can (Low and MacMillan, 1988). Despite, grouping the feedback into pre-decided choices will give some statistics based inferable information. This further permits the organization to calculate the importance of the outcomes on the overall population on studying and at the same time it also changes the opinion of the respondents, attitude and behavior over a period of time (Collis and Hussey, 2013). Causal Casual research, like descriptive research is quantitative by nature and at the same time is also planned in advance and properly structured in design. For the same reason, it is also based on a more conclusive side of research (Collis and Hussey, 2013). The concept of causal research completely differs in its overall attempt to discuss and explain the main cause and its overall impact that exists between different variables. This is further opposed to the more observational kind of descriptive research, since the attempts is to properly decipher the relationship and decided whether it is causal in experimenting. Therefore, the concept of causal research has two set of goals which are to understand which element is the main cause and which variable can be treated as an impact (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). Further it also decides the basic nature of the association that exists between different causal elements and the impact which can be predicted in future. For instance, an ow ner of a cereal brand many want to learn if he will be able to receive extra sales with the new box design. Despite conducting research which is descriptive by nature is based on asking people whether they would want to buy the cereal because of the new packaging and this way, they will set up an experiment in two different stores. One will help in selling the cereal in only the present and original box and the other will happen with the help of new box. It is very important to take a good care to avoid any external sources which is based on pure bias and they can then easily measure the basic difference that exists between sales which is based on the packing of the cereal (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). Strengths Exploratory research The basic motive of this kind of research is to decide the basic nature of the issue. It is also further intended to evaluate the research based questions but the main intent is not to provide final solutions which are conclusive nature because of the present issues. Concept of exploratory research also provides researchers with a clear understanding of the issue; however the outcome of exploratory research can be typical by nature and not very useful for overall decision making (Hair, 2015). This kind of research can also provide some important insights into the present situation as the goal is based on gathering some preliminary data that will assist in defining the basic issues and also suggest the required hypotheses. The concept of exploratory research can be utilized in many ways of research methods which also includes many trial based studies along with interviews, case studies and other experiments (Baden-Fuller and Mangematin, 2013). The concept of exploratory research takes different form of open end queries and these queries is based on participants that can leave some concrete answers in the format of many open text based comments. These kinds of text comments may not be measurable statistically and unless it is properly coded however, it is important for it to get richer, based on quality data that can provide a lead that completely uncover the new kind of initiatives or problems that can be addressed on time (Zikmund et al., 2013). Descriptive research: The main aim of the descriptive research which is also called as statistical research is based on discussing the situation. For instance, to define things in a proper manner likes to discuss the market potential for the products or the basic demographics and the basic approach towards consumers who actually buy a specific product or service. An online survey is more descriptive by nature and many methods that manufacture the conclusive based data provided in quantitative capacity. This research is different by nature and planned in a more methodical manner as well as designed and formatted in similar manner to collect some important data (Hair, 2015). At the time of grouping these responses into some specific choices, it will help in providing statically data in a conclusive manner. This further permits to calculate the importance of the outcome on the whole population as well as also tracking these transformations of the opinions, behavior and attitude over a period of time. Casual research: This research is similar to descriptive research and also produces important quantitative data and is planned in a methodical manner, designed as well as formatted. It also provides statistical form of conclusive data. The main goal of the causal research is to evaluate different hypotheses based on cause and effect association (Hair, 2015). For example, the main goal of the research is to decide what elements can be a cause and is causing in a specific behavior, under such circumstances causal research is required. The concept of casual research can assist in understanding which elements can be the cause and which elements can be the effect and will also help in deciding the basic route of the association that exist between the elements and the impact to be forecasted. Weaknesses Exploratory research The major disadvantages of exploratory research are that it wont be able to properly replace any kind of conclusive as well as quantitative research. At the same time, organization constantly uses exploratory studies which are final as well as conclusive nature for number of research projects. This further may lead to many wrong bases of decisions and what is crucial is to keep in mind about this research methods is that it has certain restrictions or drawbacks. There are so many of supply qualitative data and the overall interpretation of all the finding is normally based on judgments (Bryman and Bell, 2015). For example, the outcome from projective kind of methods can sometimes be bizarre comes along with projective techniques along with in depth interviews that are normally utilized a while back by the professional specifically classified as motivational researchers. This results in some interesting but sometimes bizarre kind of hypotheses about the opinion in buyers head. Other issues with this concept are based on the ability to predict from multiple results. There are majority of methods that utilize many modest kinds of samples and that might be in representative form because they have not selected on probability basis. There are number of case studies for example, can be selected since it is represented as very good or very bad instances of case as opposed to any normal situation (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Descriptive research Following are disadvantages: - Confidentiality: the main disadvantage of the research is the issue of confidentiality. There are many cases which are not very truthful by nature and there is also a need to tell the researcher about what people think about the wants of researchers to understand. This can be very challenging during some important interviews. There are some participants that may also deny giving answers to different set of question as it can be too personal for them (Bryman and Bell, 2015). Error and objectivity: this research method also shows the overall possibility for different subjectivity as well as errors. For instance, when any researcher especially designs a questionnaire, many questions are predetermined and also very prescriptive by nature. In addition, the overall study may also consist of many errors as the researcher may be able to record what one may want to hear and also avoid data does not completely conform to hypothesis. In order to overcome a bias on research is a difficult process for descriptive research methods. People who choose to use this method should be aware of the impacts on the result of the research. Causal research Following are disadvantages of causal research: - The process of causal research is very expensive by nature since it set up in the test market and needs some important base for commitment for time and money. Evaluating the options in advertising campaign in the actual market can easily increase the stake. The research takes a lot of time to finish. This is specifically true when the researchers hope to calculate the long term impact on various marketing programs (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). The concept of causal research is able to tip off the competition in the overall plan of marketers. When a company is established, a real kind of market tests so that competitors can read the outcomes. Competitors can also evaluate the outcomes to such tests. In specific case, competitors are able to make a copy of the company that conducts the tests and also get to the market. The concept of casual research is also very challenging to administer and it is sometime very difficult to control the effect of external elements (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). There is also an issue of contamination where it is based on people from outside who are able to evaluate the market shopping within specific clean market which can also distort the results of the tests. The concept of clean market is very hard to understand or find. Gap identified Debate and analyze the findings presented in that article. The overall motives of the marketing research in an organization is find some important answers to many questions associated with different market dynamics, business surroundings and behavior of the consumers. For conducting the formal research it is important to design plan which is specifically created by the marketing manager. At the same time the marketing manager is also able to conduct specific kind of research with or without any specific plan. For instance, a owner of organization say hotel who usually query to repeat customer about their overall experience during their stay is actually conducting a type of research without any formal design of research (Zott et al., 2011). The important elements of research design are based on deciding what kind of marketing research is best for the main objectives. The concept of marketing research can further be classified into three important categories which mainly depend on the overall goal of the research. Conclusion The report has discussed in detail about three important and most relevant types of research in todays time. The future of any organization depends highly on surveys and research since it will help in understanding the viewpoint of the consumers which further will help in taking important decisions. This is why, it become crucial to discuss in depth about each type of research in order to make them work for the company. It doesnt matter, whether it is an internal or external research or it is based on end goals of the project to improve the overall image of the business. It also gives rise to sales of product and this is why kick start any kind of initiative at the right time. While finding the right kind of balance between the three types of research is any important factor for succeeding in long run (Saunders, 2011). References Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. and Sun, J., 2003. Business research methods. https://sutlib2.sut.ac.th/sut_contents/H139963.pdf Collis, J. and Hussey, R., 2013.Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Palgrave macmillan. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.368.5563rep=rep1type=pdf . Low, M.B. and MacMillan, I.C., 1988. Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges.Journal of management,14(2), pp.139-161. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/26382980/low_macmillan_1988.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A Expires=1493893906Signature=hU8mlfEWcfU1ZF8WKF5IScg6NRM%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEntrepreneurship_Past_research_and_futur.pdf Baden-Fuller, C. and Mangematin, V., 2013. Business models: A challenging agenda.Strategic Organization,11(4), pp.418-427. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1476127013510112 Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., 2015.Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage. Zott, C., Amit, R. and Massa, L., 2011. The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of management,37(4), pp.1019-1042. Saunders, M.N., 2011.Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India.

Global Supply Chain Management

Question: Write an essay on Global Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction: 1.0 Global Supply chain Management: The global supply chain of management refers to a function performed by the global supply chain management professionals, who attempt to ensure that the consumers in almost all the countries receive the products and services that they are in need of within proper time and also the quality standards of the and cost concerns are met or satisfied effectively. The global supply chain of management and the individuals related to this field play very significant role in serving the ends of the healthcare, non-profit agencies and several business and government agencies, by contributing towards their proper functioning and thereby fulfilling the needs of the consumers across the world. Any supply chain denotes the collaboration of all the procedures that remain involved, as and when a company initiates the process of production of final product with the help of the raw materials and then finally is delivered or delivered to the customers. Thus, the supply chain refers to this entire process; it does not mean only the supply of the final good, rather the entire process of manufacturing a good or service. Thus, it obviously requires critical professional skills for the management of the movement of raw materials into a company, processing of the materials into finished product and finally distributing or supplying the same. Thus, the global supply chain management personnel supervise or manage this entire cycle or flow of processed goods and services. 1.1 Supply Chain management Strategies: The supply chain of a business organization depends upon various factors or practices that govern both the production and supply of the goods and services. They can probably be the following: The framework of Industry: The framework of an industry refers to the total collection and interaction of various factors, such as the customers, technological and economic factors, demand variation of the consumers, the lifecycle of the products, and other such factors related to the operation of an industry define and influence the framework of the industry. Unique value proposal: Secondly, there should be a clear understanding of an organizations position or reputation in the market in terms of its supply chain. This is because the unique value proposal enable the organization to shape and structure all the processes and factors of production accordingly that can fulfil the needs of the customers and meet the criteria of the companys value proposal. Managerial Focus: The managerial functions of a company become very important for maintaining a balance between an organizations position, its competitive advantage in the market and the procedures involved in the supply chain. If balance between these two aspects are maintained then the company can easily aim towards its progress. Internal Processes: The internal processes refer to the activities that together make up the supply chain process, these processes need proper orientation of these internal processes, especially there should be a proper interaction between the utilization of the assets and the location of the decoupling point. When there is a perfect organization between these two factors then all the other factors can be governed easily. 1.2 Innovations in the Supply Chain Management: The management of the supply chain is an intensely complicated process because it involves various functions right from the procurement of raw materials, processing of goods from and the supply or distribution of those finished products from the manufacturing plant to the end points in order or satisfy the customers. Thus, this entire chain is a highly knowledge intensive process too. Therefore, if RFID technology is implemented in the management of the supply chain, then it can easily ensure the improvement and reliability of the supply chain, thereby reducing the extraneous complexities present in the supply chain and management. The introduction of the RFID tags and barcode readers enable easy and much faster operations in terms of authentication of goods. The conventional methods involve manual counting of the goods and services which is a highly time consuming process. As for instance, in the case of the FMCG manufacturing companies, the manual counting of the processes, during almost every stage such as, during the procurement of the raw materials, production of the finished goods and services, sorting and packing of the final products; results in a huge consumption of time. While if such industries incorporate the methodology of RFID, then it becomes possible for the company or the manufacturing, industry to undertake the counting processes in just a few se conds. This is because the RFID tags can be scanned very promptly and multiple tags can be scanned. It becomes easy for the manufacturers to keep records about the production processes with the help of the RFID technology. When the labour cost is reduced, then it leads to the reduction in the cost of production as the labour intensive tasks can be performed easily within short period by the RFID technology. It ensures a firm of less manual work and cost of production therefore, accuracy in keeping records and thereby the entire planning and decision making within the firm become much more advanced. The management of the firm can easily approve of the keep track of the accurate movement of the raw materials , finished goods, time needed for production steps, and the extent of the maintenance of the machinery and equipment. As the speed of the process of producing the goods and services is accelerated, therefore, the delivery costs are reduced, and as a result, the profitability of th e firm is augmented. 1.3 Continuous Improvement in the Supply Chain Management: The application of the lean management principles to the supply chain has enabled the firms in reducing the waste generation during the production process. As and when the waste generation is reduced, it automatically reduces the cost of production. In accordance to this particular process of lean management, a continuous improvement is done in the process of undertaking those activities that will help in the reduction of the waste. Therefore, the focus is placed only upon the creation of the finished goods that will ultimately add value to the customer service. Goods, which have high demand in the market, should be taken into consideration. The strategies that can be followed for the effective implementation of the lean management practices may range from the visual workplace, workplace organization, proper interaction of the internal processes, ongoing training, total productive maintenance and batch size reduction. To make a proper commencement of the entire process, both the customer and the production unit should be aware of the nature of the waste. Over processing and overproduction, transportation, inventory, waiting, defects are the activities that add to the waste related activities. The moment these are reduced through lean management practices, the progress of the firm can be easily enhanced. 1.5 Risk Management and the Strategies Involved: Risk management is necessary to mitigate any uncertainties related to quick operation, particularly in context of supply chain management in order to reduce to the chances of failure, with respect to transhipment of goods from one point to another and proper storage of the same. The techniques used for risk management are based on various probabilities that help to estimate the occurrence of failure and divert the risks involved. The risk management in supply chain management involves implementation of various techniques. Two of the important techniques are discussed below: Risk Management through Decision Tree: This technique is particularly useful when a whole seller buys a particular quantity of materials and offers them to the retailer at some other price. The various constraints (nodes) involved in the decision tree consider various offers from the competitive whole sellers. It helps to simplify the decision making process by assuming the whole seller who is providing the materials at the lowest price. Thus, in the way the retailer can mitigate the risk by avoiding the cost involved in buying materials from the whole sellers are who are operating at high rates. Risk Management through Monte Carlo Simulation in supply chain management: The conceptualization of Monte Carlo relies on random sampling and computational algorithms to obtain favourable results by reducing the chances of uncertainties. Monte Carlo Simulation is a more sophisticated technique that is being adopted by many industries instead of the conventional processes. It refers to a quantitative risk analysis procedure, based on computerized mathematical technique.MCS, once implemented in an organization enables the proper assessment of the probable risks and the techniques that can be adopted in order to mitigate the same. The modeler helps the management to choose from conservative, most likely and optimum cases of occurrence of risks. The probability distribution of the simulation helps to estimate the minimum, maximum and most likely cases of uncertainties. 1.5 Sustainable Supply Chain Management: A company is able to incorporate the sustainable management in the supply chain management through the prudent management and improvement of the economic, social and economic strategies of the organization. This in turn will assist the organization to conserve the resources, make an optimized use of the resources, increased productivity and thereby help in the preservation of the environment. Many research reports have shown that the sustainability in the global supply chain is growing in case of many businesses. Thus, as the supply chain involves different steps of the production process, therefore, if a firm uses the resources in a very sustainable manner for the production of its products then it will be able to reduce the impact upon rather adverse impact upon the natural environment (Fernie Sparks, 2014). In order to achieve sustainability in the supply chain, some of these following steps can be followed: Companies should reduce the wastage of raw materials during the procurement. Employment of some individuals should be done who will be able to perform the treatment of the products before packaging in order to deliver the finished product without the generation of waste. Environment friendly methods need to be adopted while procuring the raw materials, so that environment friendly goods can be produced. 1.6 Collaboration strategies for it: The companies nowadays are very much interested in undertaking collaborations or joint initiative with other companies in order to improve the entire system of delivery in the recent years and to reduce the additional costs that are incurred on the supply side, to reduce inventories and make developments in speed in the entire process, thereby resulting in customer level satisfaction. The strategies that can actually adopted by the companies to ensure successful collaboration are the following: A company while collaborating must be well aware of the company it is collaborating with. Both of them should be rest assured of the investments to be made, right infrastructure and planning. The collaboration should be of a long tenure, so that both the companies can understand each other, their needs and long term perspectives. There arises then, a greater understanding of each others potential and thereby taking steps in accordance with that. The companies merging together must remain assured that both of them possess the similar performance management system. The infrastructure of the companies involved in the collaboration process must have a very stable and better infrastructure along with robust and enthusiastic individuals who can make the entire process a success by allocating proper resources and defining vision for the collaboration(Lee Ng, 1997). Both the companies that collaborate with each other must be aware of the fact that they should work upon a benefit sharing model so that both of them procure from the business similar profits. 1.7 Crucial strategies for Supply Chain Management: Innovation, Sustainable management of the resources, collaboration of the companies for the better management of the processes involved in the supply chain, proper follow up of the risk management plans and methods and finally the continuous improvement of the supply chain, right from the collection of the raw materials till the delivery of the finished goods, all together constitute the five important or crucial strategies of the Global Supply Chain Management (Gunasekaran et al.2001). 1.8 The challenges (how the 5 strategies will affect each other) According to Obizhaeva Wang (2013), the five strategies namely innovation, continuous improvement, risk management, sustainability and collaborative strategy are interlinked with one another. The innovation strategy such as implementation of RFID technology in fleet vehicles is directly related to continuous improvement. In todays global supply chain management RFID tags in vehicles as well entry point of a logistics distribution hub has an impact on the day to day functioning of a business (Hervani et al.2005). As we have discussed earlier RFID provides an edge over conventional methods of counting. This has a direct overall impact on the aspect of Continuous Improvement. The innovation strategy is also associated to collaborative strategies by lowering down the costs, improvement in speed of service and customer contentment. We can further relate the strategy of risk management with sustainability of the supply operations. The various techniques used for risk evaluation is done in order to select the favorable probability scenario and improve the decision making process sustained supply chain management (Fernie Sparks 2014). 2.0 Global Supply chain in Maritime: With the expansion in the world economies and increasing globalization, the business interests of the organizations are also undergoing a change and expansion. The demands for a variety of goods and services across the world due to the fluctuating tastes of the consumers and their lifestyle led to the increase in dependence over the maritime logistics, that became a major means now of transportation now. The maritime supply chain refers mainly to the transportation of goods and services between two or more ports. The ever evolving needs of the customers has intensified and enhanced the importance of the maritime logistics. Logistics or the supply chain management ensures and aims at the ultimate satisfaction of the customers. Thus, in the same way the Maritime transport and the liner transport aim at the customer satisfaction by delivering the goods at the right place and at the right time. Maritime logistics has made the process of the transportation of goods and services from one port to another port very smooth with the use of liner shipping service instead of tramp shipping situation which carries a bulk of cargoes. The introduction of Maritime logistics has thus achieved the goals of logistics that are timelessness, low cost or cost effectiveness and reliability. 2.1 Shipping Port Industry (PSA): The Port Of Singapore is an economic need for the people living there as Singapore lacks the natural or land resources. Therefore, PSA has proved to be a boon for the upliftment of the economic conditions of the place. It is at present the Worlds second busiest and the most competitive port. It provides various facilities and terminals to conduct smooth trade handling. It helps in the transhipment of more than half of the worlds annual supply of crude oil and also ranks high in the transport of cargo. The exclusive geographical location and the technology implemented made the port the most vital one (Vidal Goetschalckx, 1997). 2.2 Competitive advantage for the Shipping Port (Port of Singapore Authority): Resources at the port- The availability of immense natural resources, especially the resources at the port is a great advantage to the shipping industry in Singapore, namely its large protected harbor, its location at major trade routes and well-educated workforce (Power, 2005). Thus, it is one of the geographical advantages that help in the progress of the shipping industry at Singapore. Key Operations conducted at PSA: As the port is located at a very advantageous position, it has become the choice for most of the exporters and importers across the world. However, it is not only the importance of strategic location, but also because of its efficient port operations and cost effectiveness. There is a well-defined co-ordination among all the operations at the PSA. CITOS or the Computer Integrated Terminal Operations System manages the entire operation system at the PSA, right from the arrival of the ships to the unloading and loading of goods. 2.3 Supply chain Approach: The world has turned to be a very complex place to operate in terms of logistics, because of the increasing change in the consumer demands, which again has posed a major challenge in the near future. Therefore, the approach of the supply chain should follow the following step for better management: Expectations of the consumers: The most important motive of the logistics and the supply chain management operation should be to act according to the needs of the customers and the satisfaction of the same within the right time with right quality standards. Maintenance of cost effectiveness: It is a common trend that although the customers remain apprehensive about their expectations of the goods and services, they aspire them at a very low cost. However, it becomes impossible to keep the costs always at a low level. Thus, in accordance to the present situation, the logistic costs play a very vital role in determining the ultimate costs of the products and moreover the logistics costs have helped in reducing the overall costs of production, which is required to be maintained. Globalization: The logistics and the supply chain management should develop the knowledge and infrastructure which will help in dealing with the rising globalization, customer requirements and the emerging market conditions. Pressure of sustainability: The concept of sustainability and maintaining the same became very important in todays world. It has turned to be one of the corporate social responsibilities. Increased risk and challenges: Research and development, procurement, production and sales are some of the strategies that can be used by the logistics to mitigate the risk. Use of new technology: Most of the companies are looking forward to incorporate new technology, like the big data analysis tools that will help in better planning and controlling the results. 2.4 Identification of key performance indicators of PSA In terms of volumes of trade in shipping PSA is one of the busiest ports in the world. Some of the key performing indicators of this port are: Planning of orders Sourcing Production Delivery of the shipments Bai Sarkis (2014) 2.5 Supply chain strategies to be achieved for each KPI are mentioned as follows: 2.51: Planning of orders: The planning of orders includes demand forecast for each individual shipments arriving at PSA. Planning strategy also deals with planning the cycle time from receiving of an order for a shipment to delivery time for the same. The planning of inventory is important for proper maintenance of the bulk cargo and reducing the amount of wastage for perishable items. The total influx at PSA port amounted to 30.62 million twenty foot equivalent unit of containers in the year 2015. Through appropriate planning strategy the total order vs. the forecasted order can be evaluated for an increased efficiency (Gopal Thakkar 2012). 2.52 Sourcing: The sourcing strategy plays a crucial role in assessing vendor lead time and minimizing the same. The general KPI for sourcing is supplier fill rate, which gives a report of the reliability of the suppliers. The step is to measure the fill rate as per individual items, secondly the simple way to measure the suppler fill is done by comparison of the actual date of delivery with the requested date of delivery. The ideal measure is to incorporate the allowance limit in the computation process, as each line product is having a different order lead time. Another important component is receiving of accurate purchase requisites, which contains information related to quantity of materials and due date for the same. In order to effectively implement the strategy Material Requisite Planning needs to be emphasized due to increasing complexities in the material planning process (MPP) (Schggl et al., 2016). 2.53 Production: The KPI for production recognizes changes in the present situation for time departure and arrival of ships at the port, to ensure timely production from the manufactures and order of fill rate. The various production measures to improve the potential metrics include production lead time and capacity utilization. The primary KPI of manufacturing takes into consideration on time departure of an item from the port. Each subsidiary is aided with a shipment plan. The second strategy involves timely production which is also known as (OTP), it is an analysis of the planned production and the actual production. Since most of shipping companies use ERP the monitoring of release of items for daily production becomes easy (Riexinger et al., 2015). 2.54. Delivery of the shipaments: PSA is committed to deliver quick and trustworthy service to all the respective customers. But due to increasing competition in the global supply chain the timely delivery of the shipments is becoming a challenge than before. The metrics based on assumptions involves considering primary time less the timely departure from the sales subsidiary. While calculating the expected time of arrival of the shipment the information is available before the delivery of the products by different supplier oversees the entire demand planning to designing of supply networks (Marron et al., 2015) 2.6 The tradeoff between the supply chain strategies According to Wisner et al., (2015).The tradeoff between the supply chain strategies mentioned above uses a feedback system for continuous adaptation. 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