Study of emotion Essay Example for Free

Study of emotion Essay The results of primate studies have developed in the scientific community a common belief that the amygdala plays a central role in mediating emotions, the anxious temperament and fearful responses. From this generalization, it can be further inferred that a fully intact amygdala, with all others that constitute the brain anatomy in a normal condition, could effect a normal reaction in primates upon exposure to a stimulus (i. e. hostility: defensive stance; threat: fear). On the other hand, a lesioned amygdala can result in abnormal or even totally lack of reaction upon exposure to stimulus. In an article by Kalin, et. al. , (2001), the exposure of lesioned monkeys to unfamiliar threats such as snake and an unknown hostile male resulted to blunted fear responses. This confirms the hypothesis on the role of the amygdala in mediating emotional responses. In mediating fear, information first reaches the eye which will then travel to the thalamus and to the amygdala. The result is a quick registration of any perceived danger to effect a quick response. This is the direct subcortical pathway. In the cortical pathway, information passes to the visual cortex first before passing to the amygdala, allowing for conscious consideration of the danger involved after the initial rapid response. Rapid response is made possible by the innervation of the adrenal glands by the sympathetic axons to produce hormones such as adrenalin, noradrenalin or cortisol which hill hasten blood flow (Peacock, 2005). The registration of danger, and thus, fear is slowed or made impossible by the damage in the amygdala in lesioned monkeys. Still, another part of this article shows that lesioned and unlesioned monkeys showed no differences in emotional processing when exposed to a human intruder. This inconsistency poses a challenge on the notion about the role of the amygdala in mediating behaviors and emotional responses. One possible reason for this inconsistency is that the monkeys have been exposed to human since childhoold (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). In the expression of emotions and behaviors associated with retained memories, a functional amygdala is not necessary (McGaugh, et.al. , 1996) because while the amygdala is necessary in mediating fear, other structures have a more direct function in mediating long-term nonspecific anxiety responses (Davis, et. al. , 1997) These include the bed nucleus in the stria terminalis and the orbitofrontal cortex which may not have been damaged during the exposure. With the orbitorfrontal cortex mediating anxious temperaments based on appraised consequences, input from the amygdala becomes uncritical (Kalin, et. al. , 2001). The amygdala, after all, is involved only in the processing of new and ambigious threatening situations (Whalen, 1998) which may not characterize their exposure to the humans. Physiological psychology gives light to a perspective that is almost completely removed from explanations arising from social biases. The subjectivity of social sciences allows more leeway for as many numbers of interpretations as there are interpreters and gives rise to more confusion rather than understanding. A more objective approach allows an in-depth, more scientific, more uniform appreciation of emotion. That is, even without access to a person’s historical background or experiences, one can predict anyone’s actions by mere examination of one’s anatomy and physiology. Works Cited Davis M, Walker DL, Lee Y (1997) Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 352:1675-1687 Kalin NH, Shelton SE, et. al. (2001). The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J Neuroscience. 21(6):2067-2074 McGaugh JL, Cahill L, Roozendaal B (1996) Involvement of the amygdala in memory storage: interactions with other brain systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci . 93:13508-13514 Peacock, S. (2005). Behavior, Physiology and Fear. Mind. Retrieved 05 May 2008 from http://mind. in/node/195. Whalen PJ (1998) Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 7:177-188.

T.S. Eliots The Waste Land and the Modernist Movement Essay examples -

Sight. It is the simple, yet extremely intricate skill performed by humans everyday. The uniqueness of an eye can be described as different combinations of colors that draw people in for deep conversations and contact with one another. As light shines its beams onto an eye, different colors sparkle, making beautiful shades shine through. Brown, green, blue and hazel are merely a few of the colors that can make up one’s eye. Without eyes, human beings would not be able to visualize the wonderful aspects of nature. Eyes also produce tears of joy and sorrow in response to emotions. The precise observation of this human organ is an example of what a Modernist writer may have expressed in their work. Modernists were a group of people involved in the Modernist/Imagist literary movement throughout Europe and America. They were defined by their detailed description of images in hopes of sharing thoughts to the reader. Influenced by World War I, this literary movement focused o n the importance of the common man and some authors described the deep wounds in which were left following the traumatic war. In his poem, â€Å"The Waste Land,† T.S. Eliot reflects the principles of the Modernist Movement through his precise descriptions and use of images to emphasize the realities of current life. To begin, the Modernist Literary Movement (also known as the Imagist Movement) swept across Europe and America in hopes of discovering a new writing style for Western culture. Beginning in the 1890s and lasting until about 1945, this movement incorporated a variety of new and old ideas such as surrealism, symbolism, imagism, and more (â€Å"Modernism† par. 1-3). Despite its many aspects, however, the main goal of this movement was to reject old customs... ... â€Å"T.S. Eliot.† DIScovering Authors. Detroit: Gale 2003. Student Resources in Context. Web. 13 November 2015. â€Å"Imagism.† Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Student Resources in Context. Web. 8 November 2015. â€Å"Imagist Movement.† Questia.com. Questia. Web. 9 November 2015. Matterson, Stephen. â€Å"1890-1840s Modernism.† PBS. PBS, Mar. 2007. Web. 9 November 2015. â€Å"Modernism.† Faculty.unlv.edu. Unlv.edu. Web. 9 November 2015. Shelby, Nick. T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land. New York: Columbia UP, 2001. Print. â€Å"Thomas Stearns Eliot.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encylopedia.com. 13 November 2015. â€Å"T.S. Eliot (Anglo-American Poet).† Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 13 November 2015. Vendler, Helen. â€Å"T.S. Eliot. (Cover Story).† Time 151.22 (1998): 111. MAS Ultra- School Edition. Web. 13 November 2015.

A House for Mr. Biswas

In his novel A House for Mr. Biswas, V.S. Naipaul has created a very lively and realistic atmosphere of ex-patriot Indian community that is living separate from its culture, while trying to live the same cultural atmosphere.The novel has vividly shown internal conflict and struggle of its protagonist, Mr. Biswas, especially in relation of his in-laws, the Tulsis. Mr. Biswas, a person of humble personal fortunes and limited means was never fully accepted in rather affluent and well-off business class Tulsi family. At the best of their behavior Tulsis merely tolerated Mr. Biswas and Mr. Biswas, on his part found Tulsis an extremely hypocrite and disorganized clan, though he often wondered at the complexity of their huge joint family.In this context the Christmas celebration in Tulsis holds special significance for both its inhabitants as well as for Mr. Biswas. Mr. Biswas, normally finding the stores of Tulsis very depressing and repulsive, could not ignore the sudden transformation of Tulsis store in places of romance, charm and delight at the time of Christmas.The stored owed this transformation to assorted goods kept their for sale in Christmas, and presence of these varied, multicolored goods, that included various toys, musical instruments, resplendent show pieces, gift items and scintillating glassware that changed the character of not only the store, but also enlivened the houses of Tulsis and spirits of its members. Christmas always created a series of anticipations and hopes among members of Tulsi clans.The younger generation engaged itself in colorful decorations, while the ladies of house, although superficially uninterested in this ‘trite’ event, could not help preparing for the occasion, stuffing the lining of children’s pillows with gifts items.The excitement of Christmas, as described in the novel, peaked on Christmas morning and with sufficient over dose of excitement, it was felt to be over by noon, with everyone’s atte ntion turning to delicacies being prepared in kitchen and children went to sleep with great anticipations for their ‘Santa Clause’ gifts.The gifts, eventually proved to be very ordinary-an apple, a balloon and a whistle for every child, but as it was a common gift, no one complained and children remained content with their gift, enjoying some excellent lunch and not so excellent dinner. Meanwhile a sharp contrast has been drawn by description of Christmas at barracks, the world of Mr. Biswas, showcasing the great difference of class in even a small ex-patriot community.â€Å" At the barracks there were no apples, no stockings, no baking of cakes, no churning of ice creams, no refinements to be waited for. It was from the start a day of abandoned eating and drinking and was to end, not with the beating of children, but with the beating of wives.†There is no wonder then Mr. Biswas felt a kind of fascination for the Christmas celebration taking place at the house of Tulsis.The following of ‘Doll House’ sharply points at the vast gulf that existed between the world of Mr. Biswas and the world of his in laws. At the time of above described Christmas, Mr. Biswas’ wife Shama was living at her parent’s house along with her two children Savi and Ananad. On the next day of Christmas Mr. Biswas, realizing he had not brought any gift for his children, purchased a splendid doll house ly for his daughter Savi, with whom was he was most attached, and presented it to her when all other children happened to be standing around.Mr. Biswas had gifted this rather exquisite doll house to his daughter out of purely love and affection, however, in the complex political atmosphere of Tulsis, this gesture was seen particularly offending and humiliating and Mr. Biswas was straightforwardly told of his effrontery by the matriarch of the family.Meanwhile the situation turned unpleasant as other children at Tulsis were publicly admonished agai nst touching the ‘Doll House’ that was brought just for Savi, in an attempt to ostracize the girl and her mother because they happened to receive an expensive and quality gift that other children did not.

The Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty Essay - 1604 Words

1.A) Source A believes that the cause of hostilities in poland were the direct result of British actions. The first issue discussed is the unfavorable terms of the Versailles Treaty. Article A states that germany had tried to change some of the harshest policies of the Versailles Treaty however, the British government did not cooperate with their efforts. Additionally the article states that it is British intervention in the domestic policies of poland that prevented a peaceful solution from being reached between the two nations. 1.B) The political cartoon from source B satires the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty). Basically it showed how the alliance was really a facade as the two nations (The Soviet Union and Germany) clearly despised one another. This is represented by each nation s respective leaders (Stalin and Hitler) each wielding a pistol behind their backs. This cartoon therefore shows that the alliance that a war between the two nations is bound to fail. 2.) Source A is the German response to the ultimatum set forth by Britain. As such it offers an â€Å"explanation† to the aggressive posturing that Germany had taken at the time. It is essentially drafted to appease the British concerns regarding the German invasion of Poland. Therefore the content of this source is heavily biased in favor of the Germans. This is because Germany did not want to make it seem to the rest of the world that they had started a war ofShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles Treaty1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe defeat of the Central Powers (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire) and the signage of the Versailles Treaty. This treaty along with the League of Nations was created to prevent another global crusade from happening again, but failed and led to World War II, which started only twenty years after the Treaty of Versailles was endorsed. And even with end of the Great War, it was evident that the world wo uld never return to how it once was, four years earlierRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Versailles Treaty1861 Words   |  8 PagesWhat responsibility did each of the â€Å"Big Three† have for the failure of the Versailles Treaty to bring peace to Europe? Be sure to discuss what each wanted to accomplish. The treaty of the Versailles was an agreement between France, England and the United states. Its intentions were to prevent a second world war however, it was a total fail. An obvious reason for not being effective could be because not everyone was included in the conference such as Russia, and Central Powers. Instead, Prime ministerRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactionsRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles was intended to be a peace agreement between the Allies and the Germans, instead with the harsh end terms for Germany, it created political and economic chaos in Germany. By the end of the First World War, Germany had surrendered and signed a peace agreement. The task of forming a peace agreement was now in the hands of the Allies. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to start on the peace se ttlement. The main countries and their representatives were: The UnitedRead More Treaty of Versailles1280 Words   |  6 Pages The end of World War I was finalized by the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. It was signed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan but not the United States, as the U.S. drafted its own treaty with Germany in 1921. Many historians argue that the Treaty of Versailles was the major cause of World War II which occurred twenty years later. On the Treaty’s most superficial level, the extreme punishment and fines that were levied by the Allied Powers on the Germans were causesRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles2228 Words   |  9 PagesUpon signing the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, then British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared: â€Å"We will have to fight another war in 25 years time, and at three times the cost.† This ominous prediction came true as the controversial peace settlement brought no end to conflict in Eu rope. The Treaty was described by critics as Carthaginian: a peace so brutal it crushes the defeated side. This was the intention of the Allies, who felt a disabled Germany was the best way to preserve peace. ThisRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles In Germany : The Causes Of The Treaty Of Versailles751 Words   |  4 PagesA treaty that was designed to end all wars actually ended up setting the stage for the worst one that the world has ever seen. The newly formed German democratic government saw the Versailles Treaty as a â€Å"dictated peace† (Diktat). The peace treaty did not ultimately help to settle the international disputes which had initiated World War I; on the contrary, the treaty exposed the underlying issues which had caused the war in the first place. Hitler was able to gain a foothold in German society andRead MoreTreaty of Versailles1324 Words   |  6 PagesTreaty of Versailles Essay One of the most important documents ever, The Treaty of Versailles was proposed to be a peace settlement between the victorious Allies and the defeated Germans at the outcome of World War I. The document was a major disaster and did not serve any of the purposes it was drawn for. The harsh provisions of the treaty along with its unfair orders to Germany led to the worlds most horrific leader come to power and also set the platform for another war. The treaty became aRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1055 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles was formally drafted and World War I was finally brought to an end. The treaty was drafted by the Allied Powers, which consisted of Great Britain, France and the United States. This treaty blamed the war solely on Germany, and it required them to pay an amount of â€Å"$33 billion dollars in reparations, cede all of colonies, dismantle their air force, and greatly reduce their other military operat ions†(German Delegation, 291). The GermanRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Was A Peace Treaty921 Words   |  4 PagesParty. Adolf Hitler was a decorated veteran from World War I. The Treaty of Versailles directly affected the German people and Hitler. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty set in place at the end of World War I to end the war. One of the most crucial and contentious problems with this treaty was it required that the country of Germany to disarm, take guilt and pay apologies to the other countries. The treaty of Versailles did not run well for Hitler and when he became chancellor in 1933